2. The data used are from 19 separate flights spanning the dates of December 2, 1999 to March 15, 2000 over the Arctic stratosphere from the altitude range of 16 to 27 km, where polar stratospheric clouds are usually found. Synoptic-scale changes in their geographic and temporal distribution 6 are documented on a weekly basis and correlated with temperature fields. The very low temperatures of the Antarctic stratosphere create ice clouds called polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). 2. Nacreous clouds are a type of Polar Stratospheric Cloud (PSC). Polar stratospheric clouds, also known as mother-of-pearl clouds for their colorful pastel appearance, form when extremely cold conditions in the high Arctic and Antarctic atmospheres cause nitric acid and water to freeze into tiny crystals. This means that there is a time when temperatures in the lower side of the stratosphere become very cold especially during winter around the South or North pole. “The extremely low air temperatures (<195 K) inside the polar vortex, lead to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)." As temperatures in the lower stratosphere cools below -80'C, Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC's) start to form. Natural Air Pollution. What does this all mean for the seasonal ozone hole above Antarctica? The formation of PSC requires very low temperatures. The characteristics of PSCs, and ozone, were quite different above and below about 16 km. ... Antarctic Ozone Hole in 2015 - Duration: 1:20. Because of their different physical properties (liquid in one case, solid in the other), aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds have very different physicochemical properties. The image on the right, from the NSIDC article A step in our Spring, compares sea ice age between March 12 to 18 for the years 1985 (a) and 2021 (b). Most of the anarctic stratospheric chlorine ends up in … Current chemical models rely on the presence of these clouds to explain the rapid destruction of ozone observed each spring in Antarctica. Polar stratospheric cloud definition, an iridescent cloud in the winter polar stratosphere, as high as 15.5 miles (25 kilometers) above the earth: in both the Antarctic and the Arctic, these clouds contribute to ozone depletion by converting benign forms of chlorine into ozone-destroying forms and by eliminating the nitrogen compounds that curb the destructive effects of chlorine. Special reactions that occur on PSCs and the relative isolation of polar stratospheric air allow chlo-rine and bromine reactions to produce the ozone hole in Antarctic springtime. Satellite measurements from Nimbus 7 showed that over the years the depletion from austral spring to austral spring has generally worsened. That is why they only appear in winter and mainly over Scandinavia, Scotland, Alaska and Antarctica. Also known as nacreous clouds, these are the clouds that form in the winter polar stratosphere. But in the long months of polar darkness over Antarctica in the winter, atmospheric conditions are unusual. This is an extremely rare phenomenon! The World Health Organization estimates that 22 million people die each year from complications caused by air pollution. Polar stratospheric clouds. This occurs for only 1-2 months in Arctic regions, but across 5 to 6 months in Antarctica through winter and early spring. Figure Q10-1. Abstract. See more ideas about clouds, polar, night clouds. Depolarization ratio of Polar Stratospheric Clouds in coastal Antarctica: profiling comparison analysis between a ground-based Micro Pulse Lidar and the space-borne CALIOP C. Cordoba-Jabonero´ 1, J. L. Guerrero-Rascado2,3, D. Toledo1, M. Parrondo1, M. Yela1, M. Gil1, and H. A. Ochoa4 Nacreous Cloud at San Martín Base, Antarctica via Marcelo. Paul Crutzen and Frank Arnold proposed that the polar stratospheric clouds could be made of nitric acid trihydrate, which would explain the clouds’ presence at an altitude and temperature that should not have been cold enough for the tiny amount of pure water vapor present in the stratosphere to condense. Het bovengenoemde omzettingsproces vindt alleen plaats bij zeer lage temperaturen. Around 90⁰C below zero. Made of a mixture of water and nitric or sulfuric acid, these polar stratospheric clouds only form where temperatures drop to at least −78 °C (−108 °F). Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud formation on tropospheric cloud systems, Geophys. A comparison of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) occurrence from 2006 to 2010 is presented, as observed from the ground-based lidar station at McMurdo (Antarctica) and by the satellite-borne CALIOP lidar (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) measuring over McMurdo. Determining the index of refraction of polar stratospheric clouds above Andoya (69°N) by combining size‐resolved concentration and optical scattering measurements Terry Deshler , Bruno Nardi , Alberto Adriani , Francesco Cairo , Georg Hansen , Federico Fierli , Alain Hauchecorne , Lucio Pulvirenti , It forms in Autumn when Arctic or Antarctic temperatures cool rapidly as the polar night begins. Cold air trapped within the Antarctic polar vortex contributes to the development of nacreous clouds (a type of polar stratospheric cloud [PSC] made up of water and nitric acid) during the winter months, which last through the whole of the polar night (the period in which Antarctica experiences several months of … Polar stratospheric clouds create the conditions for drastic ozone destruction, providing a surface for chlorine to change into ozone-destroying form. Presentations including new observational (ground and satellite-based) and modelling methodologies specific to polar regions are encouraged. Picture taken 09/09/2009 15.18 - McMurdo Antarctica. Lidar and balloonborne particle counter measurements were performed simultaneously on two days when polar stratospheric clouds were observed in late August 1991 at McMurdo, Antarctica. Polar stratospheric clouds form in the lower stratosphere at an altitude of 15—25 km behind the Polar circle, i.e. “The extremely low air temperatures (<195 K) inside the polar vortex, lead to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)." As colorful as any aurora, iridescent polar stratospheric clouds glitter in the low light of the spring sunrise at McMurdo Station in Antarctica in late August or early September 2003. In 1985, a team of scientists from the British Antarctic Survey reported that springtime stratospheric O3 columns over their station at Halley Bay had decreased precipitously since the 1970s (Figure 10-9). It contains tools for weather education, including weather games, activities, experiments, photos, a glossary and educational teaching materials for the classroom. The clouds must be composed of similar sized crystals to produce the characteristic bright iridescent colours by diffraction and interference. The stratospheric polar vortex is an area of high-speed, cyclonically rotating winds around 15 km to 50 km high, poleward of 50°, and is strongest in winter. These clouds are rarely seen, and it would appear that they can be observed only in certain regions. Polar stratospheric clouds satellite observations, processes, and role in ozone depletion Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play important roles in stratospheric ozone depletion during winter and spring at high latitudes (e.g., the Antarctic ozone hole). Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and ozone Under normal atmospheric conditions, the two chemicals that store most atmospheric chlorine (hydrochloric acid, and chlorine nitrate) are stable. The depletion was confined to the spring months (September-November); no depletion was observed in other seasons. These free radicals deplete ozone as shown in the animation below. "The atmosphere over Antarctica is controlled by a strong polar vortex in winter, making it difficult to exchange with the mid-latitude atmosphere.” said Dr. LUO. The interannual variability of polar stratospheric clouds and related parameters in Antarctica during September and October "The atmosphere over Antarctica is controlled by a strong polar vortex in winter, making it difficult to exchange with the mid-latitude atmosphere." The original Ozone Hole was discovered in 1983, the year that the wandering South Magnetic Pole moved off the Antarctic continental shelf. Polar stratospheric clouds started to appear at 62°S as patchy structures above the aircraft flight level. These clouds play an impor- The Scandinavians call them “mother of pearls” because of their spectacular iridescent colors. Antarctic spring of 1993 are compared with calculations of the volume of different types of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) at equilibrium. Op de ijskristallen van de wolken kunnen stikstofverbindingen condenseren zoals HNO 3 (salpeterzuur) of NO 2 (stikstofdioxide). The ozone hole doesn’t exist year round: it’s seasonal. [3] It is well known that Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) are frequently observed during the Austral winter over Antarctica. This dependency on polar stratospheric clouds and solar radiation is the main reason the ozone hole is only seen in late winter/early spring. Arctic and Antarctic tem-peratures. Polar Stratospheric Cloud Polar stratospheric clouds are also observed during the Arctic winter, and in several years during the 1990s, clouds were abundant and persisted well into Arctic spring, leading to the observed large depletion in Arctic ozone. Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Ozone Depletion Clouds rarely form in the dry, Antarctic stratosphere, but when they do, they chemically conspire with chlorofluorocarbons to create the "ozone hole" that opens up every spring by Owen B. Toon and Richard P. Turco More than two dozen scientists boarded a … The bottom graph (c) shows a time series from 1985 to 2021 of percent ice coverage of the Arctic Ocean domain. PSCs provide surfaces upon which heterogeneous chemical reactions take place. Look at the glowing, pearlescent skies. During the Antarctic winter, when polar stratospheric clouds become widespread, chemical These reactions lead to the production of free radicals of chlorine in the stratosphere which directly destroy ozone molecules. But in the long months of polar darkness over Antarctica in the winter, atmospheric conditions are unusual. at anomalously low temperatures of -78.1 degrees Celsius. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are formed in the polar ozone layer when winter minimum temperatures fall below the formation temperature of about −78°C. From: Encyclopedia of … They are best observed during civil twilight, when the Sun is between 1 and 6 degrees below the horizon, as well as in winter and in more northerly latitudes. • 4) Tropical stratospheric aerosol - Brazil, Australia, Niger. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and ozone Under normal atmospheric conditions, the two chemicals that store most atmospheric chlorine (hydrochloric acid, and chlorine nitrate) are stable. Nacreous Clouds over Antarctica Imaged by Cherie Ude at McMurdo Base in 2004. A review is presented of investigations into the correlation between the depletion of ozone and the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Whilst man-made pollution and poor air quality is major environmental concern, there are many natural sources of pollution which are often much greater than their man-made counterparts.. Natural sources of sulphur dioxide include release from volcanoes, biological decay and forest fires. Nacreous Clouds or Polar Stratospheric Clouds. A loss of stratospheric ozone results in more harmful UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Figure Q10-1. The clouds are called polar stratospheric clouds, and they're very, very strange. However, in general, it is neither as strong nor as cold as the one that forms in the Antarctic. 4 Most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years, with the seven most recent years being the warmest. Polar stratospheric cloud (PSCs), 3 are frequent features of the southern winter atmosphere, and may provide a site for heterogeneous reactions that lead to ozone destruction 4,5. In general there are two types of Polar 5tratospheric Clouds: So Polar Stratospheric Clouds accelerate ozone depletion. CrossRef Google Scholar The Antarctica “Ozone Hole” In the 1980s a large springtime depletion of stratospheric ozone was observed and was getting worse each following year. A research group from the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), suggests that the polar vortex plays a key role in Antarctic stratospheric … Figure 3 .3Color-coded backscatter ratio versus altitudelatitude, as observed by the instruments along the first leg of the flight. Where do polar stratospheric clouds form? The success of our science and operations depends on a wide range of people who are experts in many disciplines. Working in the Polar Regions is challenging. At Rothera, PSC occurrence frequency in 2004 is only half of that in 2003, which is likely due to warmer stratospheric temperatures in 2004 associated with changes of the polar vortex. Nacreous clouds (Type II PSCs) glow brightly with vivid iridescent colours.They are wave clouds and their undulating sheet-like forms reveal the winds and waves of the stratosphere. For the polar stratospheric clouds to form the temperature must range between negative 78 degrees Celsius or simply -108 degrees Fahrenheit. This means that there is a time when temperatures in the lower side of the stratosphere become very cold especially during winter around the South or North pole. Here we provide information on the size of the polar vortex, the size of the ozone hole, the size of the area where air is cold enough to form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), and which parts of this cold air are sunlit such that photo-chemical ozone depletion processes can occur. Deven Stross. Clouds of frozen nitric acid particles that form in the polar winter stratosphere are a crucial element in the massive springtime ozone depletion over Antarctica. This occurs on average for 1 to 2 months over the Arctic and 5 to 6 months over Antarctica (see heavy red and blue lines). In early These Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC's) are composed of ice crystals that provide the surface for a multitude of reactions, many of which speed the degredation of ozone molecules. Aerial view of Halley VI Research Station on the Brunt ice shelf Antarctica. Polar Mesospheric Clouds Over Central Asia . The winds thus acted like a barrier, preventing ozone from other parts of the atmosphere from replenishing the low ozone levels over the Arctic. As early as 1912, Antarctic explorers recorded observations of unusual veil-type clouds in the polar stratosphere, although they could not have known at … Above 16 km PSCs were variable in time, with particles > 1.0 [mu]m radius contributing significantly to the surface area, generally < 8 [mu]m[sup 2] cm[sup [minus]3]. It is the chemical reactions that occur on these clouds that result in the large decrease in ozone during each austral spring over Antarctica (Antarctic ozone hole). At the sub-Antarctic sites of Macquarie Island and Heard Island, stratospheric temperatures rarely reach the frost point during winter, but observations are still encouraged. During the cold dark Antarctic winter, stratospheric ice clouds (PSCs, polar stratospheric clouds) form when temperatures drop below -78C. This rare type of cloud formations are known as “polar stratospheric clouds” or “nacreous clouds”, and they can only be seen from high latitude regions such as Iceland, Alaska, Northern Canada, the Scandinavian countries and Antarctica. The white contour outlines the altitudes and time of temperatures lower than -78 C, where Polar Stratospheric Clouds may form. 1. One of the most pronounced features of the Antarctic stratosphere is the polar vortex. and deep clouds on the microphysical properties of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) over Antarctica during the 2006 and 2007 winters. Polar mesospheric clouds (also known as noctilucent, or “night-shining” clouds) are transient, upper atmospheric phenomena that are usually observed in the summer months at high latitudes (greater than 50 degrees) of … Sep 4, 2015 - Noctilucent clouds / Polar stratospheric clouds. The degree of that ozone reduction is depending on the type of PSCs, and hence on their occurrence. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a central role in the formation of the ozone hole in the Antarctic and Arctic. These high altitude clouds form only at very low temperatures help destroy ozone in two ways. Formation of the ‘ozone hole’ requires ‘polar stratospheric clouds’ (PSCs) to form; this occurs when temperatures fall below their formation temperature of around -78°C. The clouds condition the stratosphere during the winter for the subsequent springtime ozone loss by This rare type of cloud formations are known as “polar stratospheric clouds” or “nacreous clouds”, and they can only be seen from high latitude regions such as Iceland, Alaska, Northern Canada, the Scandinavian countries and Antarctica. Actual amounts released from natural sources in the world are difficult to quantify. The very low temperatures of the Antarctic stratosphere create ice clouds called polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). During the cold dark Antarctic winter, stratospheric ice clouds (PSCs, polar stratospheric clouds) form when temperatures drop below -78C. This ozone loss was described in 1985 by British researcher Joe Farman and his colleagues. The rate-limiting step is the photolysis of nitric acid: this occurs at the same rate every year and so the interannual variation in the ozone loss is caused by the ex-tent and persistence of the polar stratospheric clouds. The clouds, measured from McMurdo Station, Antarctica (78øS), were January. CFCs collect on nacreous Polar Stratospheric Clouds and strip any remaining ozone. These are the first ground-based lidar observations of PSC at Rothera, and also the first in West Antarctica. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) form in the stratosphere in altitudes between 20 and 30 km. (a) In summer season, nitrogen dioxide and methane react with chlorine monoxide and chlorine atoms forming chlorine sinks, preventing much ozone depletion, whereas in winter, special type of clouds called polar stratospheric clouds are formed over Antarctica. Ozone amounts in the lower stratosphere are closely coupled to temperatures through dynamics and photochemistry. An uncommon weather event—a sudden stratospheric warming—disrupted the circulation in the polar stratosphere in early September, just as the ozone hole was beginning to form. Antarctica - Antarctica - Climate: The unique weather and climate of Antarctica provide the basis for its familiar appellations—Home of the Blizzard and White Desert. Those mysterious clouds are called “Polar Stratospheric Clouds”and form in the lower stratosphere when temperatures drop to around – 85º C (-121°F). characterize polar stratospheric clouds and to estimate a particle index of refraction. The Scandinavians call them “mother of pearls” because of their spectacular iridescent colors. They occur at heights about 20–30 km above the earth. These are the first ground-based lidar observations of PSC at Rothera, and also the first in West Antarctica. Occurring from late fall to early spring, PSCs have been routinely observed over the last 30 years by The degree of that ozone reduction is depending on the type of PSCs, and hence on their occurrence. The chemistry of the Antarctic polar vortex has created severe ozone depletion. These nacreous clouds are also called “polar stratospheric clouds” and get their brilliant, rainbow colors from sunlight that’s reflected from below the … Up to 25 km above Davis research station. These clouds are responsible for chemical changes that promote production of chemically active chlorine and bromine. The interannual variability of polar stratospheric clouds and related parameters in Antarctica during September and October In addition, the stratosphere remained cold, leading to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds which allowed chemical reactions to release reactive forms of chlorine and cause ozone depletion. 10.3 POLAR OZONE LOSS . Zuidpool. The dynamic heating and then solar heating (in spring time) spread with time throughout the polar stratosphere, leading to the weakening and breakup of the S.H. Strong Polar Vortex. Prelims question: The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) were observed on 6 of these soundings. Extremely low stratospheric temperatures (lower than -78(C) over the Antarctic region contribute to depletion of ozone, in that low temperatures lead to the presence of polar stratospheric clouds … The Antarctic ozone hole is formed each year in the Southern Hemisphere spring (September-November) when there is a sharp decline (currently up to 60%) in the total ozone over most of Antarctica. This rare "nacreous" cloud formation, appearing 12 miles above in the stratosphere, was recently photographed by a scientist at Australia's Mawson station in Antarctica. Reactions on liquid and solid PSC particles Advances in Space Research, 36 , 868–878. Although polar stratospheric clouds can form in the Arctic, they rarely last long enough for extensive decreases in ozone. Hence, while a variety of factors (increased air-borne particles, stratospheric ozone depletion, volcanic eruptions and internal climate variability) influence climate, the most dominant driver of change in the past few decades has been the increased greenhouse gas concentrations. These three pictures were shot over NASA’s Radome at McMurdo Station in Antarctica. The index of refraction was estimated from comparisons of calculated and measured scattering ratios at a wavelength of 532 nm. Reactions on sulphuric acid aerosol and on polar stratospheric clouds in the Antarctic stratosphere Heterogeneous chemistry producing active chlorine has been identified as crucial to Antarctic ozone depletion. During the cold dark Antarctic winter, stratospheric ice clouds (PSCs, polar stratospheric clouds) form when temperatures drop below -78C. The nitric acid in polar stratospheric clouds reacts with chlorofluorocarbons to form chlorine, which catalyzes the photochemical destruction of ozone [3, 34]. that have provided unique insights into global cloud and aerosol vertical distribution and transport processes. You see, strong winds in the stratosphere form a sort of ring of moving air above the continent, which prevents substantial air motion into or out of the polar stratosphere. Inactive chlorine species are converted into reactive chlorine species Thin clouds made of mixtures of ice, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid form in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) over the poles when temperatures drop below -78°C (-109°F). stratospheric polar vortex. And a powerful green laser pulsing into the dark winter night. This is strongest during the Antarctic winter and spring when the Equator‐to‐South Pole temperature difference is largest. Special reactions that occur on PSCs and the relative isolation of polar stratospheric air allow chlo-rine and bromine reactions to produce the ozone hole in Antarctic springtime. They only form at high latitudes, in the Arctic or Antarctic (hence the first adjective in their name), and occur very high up in the atmosphere, around 15,000 meters or higher, in the stratosphere … In the Southern Hemisphere, from the Australian Antarctic base at Davis Station, the Australian Antarctic Program conducts valuable research into polar stratospheric clouds using the Davis LIDAR. First, the sinking air warmed the Antarctic lower stratosphere, minimizing the formation and persistence of the polar stratospheric clouds that are a main ingredient in the ozone-destroying process. Polar Stratospheric Clouds convert “reservoir” compounds into reactive free radicals (Cl and ClO). NASA’s Earth Science Program is dedicated to advancing Earth remote sensing and pioneering the scientific use of satellite measurements to improve human understanding of our home planet in order to inform economic and policy decisions and improve operational services of … How NASA and NOAA Measure Ozone. Most attention has focussed on reactions on solid polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles, although there is still no satisfactory understanding of the … said Dr. Luo. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a central role in the formation of the ozone hole in the Antarctic and Arctic. north of 66.5°N and south of 66.5°S. Temperatures hover around or below -80'C for much of the winter and the extremely low antarctic temperatures cause cloud formation in the relatively ''dry''stratosphere. Precipitation cloud? Polar stratospheric clouds ( PSCs) are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 m (49,000–82,000 ft). They are best observed during civil twilight, when the Sun is between 1 and 6 degrees below the horizon, as well as in winter and in more northerly latitudes. Arctic ozone decreases of as much as 40 percent have been measured. Detection of polar stratospheric clouds over Antarctica using AVHRR images obtained at Palmer Station during August 1992 - Volume 31 Issue 177 "The atmosphere over Antarctica is controlled by a strong polar vortex in winter, making it difficult to exchange with the mid-latitude atmosphere.” said Dr. LUO. NASA and NOAA use three complementary instrumental methods to monitor … The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2.12 degrees Fahrenheit (1.18 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and other human activities. http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=263&tstamp=200512 " The observed volumes increased by a factor of--30 coincident with water vapor enhancements of--3 ppmv, suggesting that the enhancement of water vapor was important in determining PSC growth. Ozone depletion is directly related to the temperature in the stratosphere, which is the layer of the atmosphere between around 10 km and round 50 km altitude. 2) Mid latitude stratospheric aerosol – long term record • 2) Polar Stratospheric Clouds – – New aerosol counter – 40°, 10.0 l/min, 0.15 – 10.0 µm – Antarctic PSCs – Arctic PSCs. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a crucial role in the ozone chemistry of the polar regions. These polar stratospheric clouds provide surface on which chlorine nitrate gets hydrolysed to form hypochlorous acid. Then, there is the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs). At Rothera, PSC occurrence frequency in 2004 is only half of that in 2003, which is likely due to warmer stratospheric temperatures in 2004 associated with changes of the polar vortex. People in developing countries often do not have laws to protect the air that they breathe. The clouds can be iridescent when produced by lee waves, of which there are few at Halley. Res. Arctic and Antarctic tem-peratures. Introduction [2] The formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) is critical to the development of polar ozone loss. These clouds are responsible for chemical changes that promote production of chemically active chlorine and bromine. Nacreous Clouds over the NASA Radome, McMurdo Station, Antarctica A veil of type I PSC, easily confused with cirrostratus clouds or tropospheric haze Polar stratospheric cloud over Asker, Norway Heterogeneous chemistry producing active chlorine has been identified as crucial to Antarctic ozone depletion. Abstract. Polar stratospheric clouds play a crucial role in the depletion of stratospheric ozone over Antarctica in the spring months. backscatter, color ratio, and aerosol depolarization ratio for polar stratospheric clouds and stratospheric aerosols. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play an important role in polar ozone depletion, since they are involved in diverse ozone destruction processes (chlorine activation, denitrification). [2] Widespread formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) occurs every year during the Antarctic winter. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play an important role in polar ozone depletion, since they are involved in diverse ozone destruction processes (chlorine activation, denitrification). On approaching the Antarctic Peninsula, a large area of PSC was observed above and below the aircraft level. Initially this will be used to power an alternate method of measuring stratospheric ozone. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and ozone. Under normal atmospheric conditions, the two chemicals that store most atmospheric chlorine (hydrochloric acid, and chlorine nitrate) are stable. But in the long months of polar darkness over Antarctica in the winter, atmospheric conditions are unusual. - Role of clouds in polar climate and impact on the land ice and sea ice through interactions with radiation, - Teleconnections and climate indices and their role in land ice/sea ice variability. Weather Wiz Kids is a fun and safe website for kids about all the weather info they need to know. A polar winter vortex also forms in the Northern Hemisphere. Ozone depletion occurs in such polar stratospheric clouds. Polar Stratospheric Clouds and the Ozone Hole: Physics Today: Vol 44, No 12 In de stratosfeer boven Antarctica zitten dan soms ijle wolkenlaagjes.Deze wolken worden in het Engels aangeduid als polar stratospheric clouds (afgekort tot PSC). Thin clouds of acid droplets and ice crystals. This is a time lapse I made of the very beautiful Polar Stratospheric Clouds that was visible on the 12th of December 2019.
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